???гɹ?

???ڷ????гɹ?????

 

һ??????

       ?ڸ??ܶ???Ϣ????ʱ?????????Ž??š??????????ִ?????????????Ÿ߸??ɹ?????????ѹ??????ս????????ѵ???????缡?????????ܲ????Ѿ?֤??????Ѫ??ϵͳ??????ϵͳ???????ã?ͬʱ??????רע??????????ʶѵ???ķ???Ҳ???????????ǵ????ӣ??????о????????ɡ?ڤ?롢̫????????????ϰ??ע?⡢????????֪???ֵ??л??????ã????ҳ?????ϰ???ۻ?Ч????

        ???????????о??ȵ???Ҫ?????ڳ?ʱ????ڤ?루??ѵ??ʱ????һ????????Сʱ??????ע???????????ȷ????Ļ????о??????ڴ???ѵ??Ҫ??ʱ??̫????????һ??һСʱ???ۼ?????Сʱ??ѵ??????Ҫ??ʮ?꣬??????ʵ?鱻?ԣ???Ⱥ??ֻ????רҵѵ???ߣ???ɮ?˵?????Ⱥ?????ҵ?????ʹһ??ѵ??ʮСʱ???ۼ?????Сʱ??ѵ??Ҳ??Ҫ???꣬???һ?????ʵ?????Ƶ????????⣺1?????α?֤????ѵ??????????2???????ҵ?ƥ????ʵ???????飿??????Щѵ???????Ѿ??????緶Χ???γ??ȵ㣬????Щ????һֱû?еõ???????

        ?????й???ͳҽѧ??????һ?????????ۣ???һԴ??????20????90?????????????????ĵ??ڷ????÷?????Ϊ???????־?????????ƽ?ⷨ?????ľ???????, ???????׶??໥??ϵ???ܲ??ɷ֡????в??ء????????ߣ??γ?һ?ױȽ??????ġ???ѧ??Ч?ġ???????Ȼ?ġ????????õĵ??????ĵ???ϵ????ͨ???????????ɹ????Ҹ??????????????????Ŀ???֮·????1995?????????ڹ??ڿ?չ?˴?????????????ѧУ?Ե??о??????????????????????ͳ????ˣ????ڷ??????ڽ϶?ʱ??????Ч?ؽ???ѹ??????????????????ע????????֪???ֺͻ?????????Ϊ????????????ϰʱ?????ӳ????????ۻ?ЧӦ??

        ???磺

        2007?꣬??һԴ?????о??Ŷ??ڡ????????ҿ?ѧԺԺ???????????£?֤???˶??ڵ????????ĵ??ڷ?ѵ??????????????֪??????????ѹ?????ı????Կ????ԣ???Ϊһ??????Ӱ?졢???????Կ?ѧ?????߹㷺??ע???ȵ㡣2009???ڡ????????ҿ?ѧԺԺ?????ϣ???һԴ?????о??Ŷ??ֽ?һ???????˶??ڵ??ڷ?ѵ???????Ļ??ơ?????????ѧ????־??Ӣ??????Ȼ????־???Ե??ڷ??о??????˱?????һЩ????֪??ѧ??, ?????????ҿ?ѧԺԺʿPosner?ȣ?Ҳ?????˽ϸߵ????ۡ?

        ??һԴ?????Ŷӽ??????ڹ?????Χ?Ƶ??ڷ??????˴????Ŀ?ѧ?о????ѳ????˰˲??鼮?????ڡ???Ȼ???ѧ?????????????????ҿ?ѧԺԺ??????????֪??ѧ??չ????????????֪?????????ѧ??????ŦԼ??ѧԺ????????????????ѧ?о???????ѹ???ͽ????????????ѧ???????????????????о???չ??????????Ӱ??ѧ????????????ͼ?ס???????????֪??????????????Ϊ???ѧ?????????????硷??????Ϊ???о?????????ͯ??չ??????????־?Ϸ?????290??ƪ???ġ?

 

???????????о??ɹ???

                    ????PDFͼ????????????

     ??һ?????ڵ??ڷ?ѵ??????ע?????????ҵ??????? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ??2007??    

        ?о??????????????µ??ϸ???ϵͳ??ڤ??ѵ??????????ע??????????ѵ??ʱ?????????????????????????ƵĿ??з?ʽ??ȷ????ЩЧ???????о?????5?ζ??ڵ??ڷ?ѵ???????????????Ʒ?ʽ??֤?????ڷ?????ע?????͵???ѹ????Ч???????ڷ?Դ?ڶ??????ϵ??ǻۺʹ?ͳҽѧ??ǿ?????IJ???????????ڤ??ѵ??Ҳ??һЩ??֮ͨ??????????ѵ???????????ȣ?5?ζ??ڵ??ڷ?ѵ????ÿ??20???ӣ?????????ע???????е?ִ??ע??????????ͻ?????????????????????ͽ??ǡ?????????ŭ??ƣ???Լ?ѹ?????ء???Щ?????????????ڷ???????Ϊһ????Ч?Ĺ??ߣ??????????Ʒ?ʽ????̽??ڤ??ѵ????Ч???ͻ????Ӧ????һЩ???ļ????ķ??Ρ?

     ?????????ڵ??ڷ?ѵ????????????????????ϵͳ???໥???? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ??2009??    

        ?????Ѿ????֣????ڵ??ڷ?ѵ??????????ע?????????ҵ????????????????û????в??????????о????ô??Ժ?????????̽????5?ε??ڷ?ѵ??֮ǰ???м???֮??????????????????ϵͳ?ı仯????????ѵ???????????ȣ????ڷ?ѵ???????ı?????????ϵͳ?Ļ?????????????ʡ?Ƥ?????衢??ʽ????Ƶ?ʺͷ??ȣ????߸?ʽ????Ƶ?ʺͷ????Լ???????ϵͳ?Ļ?????Գ????????????????????ҵ??ص?ǰ?۴???????????ӡ???Ϊ??Ҫ???ǣ???Ƶ???ʱ????Ժ?ǰ?۴????????Բ??????أ????????ڷ??Ļ??????ڴ??ԣ?????????ϵͳ???????????????ϵͳ?????л?????໥???á????ǵĽ?????ʾ?˵??ڷ??????IJ??????໥???û??

     ?????????ڵ??ڷ??ı?????ǰ?۴????ʽṹ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ??2010??    

        ǰ?۴?Ƥ?㣨ACC???????????????ҵ??ڽ??????ء?ǰ???о???????2Сʱ???ڷ???ϰ??????ACC??????????ҵ?????????Ȼ???Ƿ????ڵ??ڿ??Ըı????԰??ʽṹ?Բ???????
        ???Dz??á???ɢ?????Գ????????????????ѵ???Դ??԰??ʽṹ???????Ժ?Ч?ʵ?Ӱ?졣?о????֣???Լ5Сʱ????ѵ???Ϳ?ʼ????ǰ?۴??????ı仯??10Сʱ????ѵ???ı????????ԣ??????ɿ?????һֱû????Щ?仯?????ǵĽ?????????10Сʱ???ڷ???ϰ?????????Ӵ??԰??ʵ??????Ժ?Ч?ʣ????ָı?????Դ?ڴ??԰?????ά?????????ϻ????????Ӳ?λ??Χ?Ľṹ?ı䡣????ǰ?۴???????֪?????е????Լ???Ϊ?ı????????أ??????????????????ڷ??????ṩһ?ָ??????ҵ??ںͷ?????????????Ч?ֶΡ?

???ģ????ڷ??ı????԰??ʽṹ?Ļ??? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ??2012??     

        ?á???ɢ?????Գ???????????????????ԣ?FA????Ϊ???԰??ʽṹ???????Ժ?Ч?ʵ?ָ?꣬???Ƿ??֣???????ѵ?????????Ƚϣ????ڷ???4??ѵ???????Լ10Сʱ???????Ը???ǰ?۴?Ƥ????Χ???????԰??ʽṹ???????Ժ?Ч?ʡ????ǵ??ڷ??ı????԰??ʽṹ?Ļ????в??????????о????֣?10Сʱ???ڷ???ϰ??ͨ?????????ʺ??????ܶ????ı????صĴ??԰??ʡ?Ȼ????5Сʱ???ڷ???ϰֻ?ı??????ܶȡ???Щ?????????????ڵ????????Ĵ??԰??????????????ϰʱ?䳤???йأ????ڷ??ı????????ҵ??????صĴ??Խṹ???Ը??ƻ?Ԥ???????ҵ??????ص?һϵ????????????Ҫ???á?

???壩???ڵ??ڷ?ѵ?????????? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ??2013??     

        ÿ???г???500???????????̣????dz??԰??????ǽ??̻????????̾???ʧ?ܣ?????ԭ????????ǿ?ƽ??̷??????????????????صĴ??????硣Ϊ??֤?Ƿ????ڷ????Ըı???????Ϊ????????ļ?˶?һ????ѹ????Ȥ??־Ը?ߣ??????????????ǵ????ڷ?ѵ??????????ѵ?????????С?????????ϰ???ڷ?10?Σ?ÿ?ΰ?Сʱ????5Сʱ???????Է????ִ?Լ60%???????????٣????ڷ??ɿض???????û????Щ?仯??ͬʱ???????߶??̲ݵĿ????̶ȴ???͡???Ϣ״̬??ɨ????ʾ???????ڷ??????ߣ??????ߵĴ???ǰ?۴??غ?ǰ??ҶƤ??????????ͣ??????????ҵ??ص?ȱ??????ڷ???ϰ??????Щ???????????ҵ??????ĵ?????????ӣ??????????ҵ??صĻָ?????Щ?о??????????????ڵĵ??ڷ?ѵ???????????ҿ????????????????̡?